With a Plaxis 3D analysis of a simple tunnel in granular material, I've activated the tunnel structure before deactivating the soil volume within the tunnel in the next stage.
Will this predict the ground settlement and predicted volume loss? Or will this need to be modelled additionally based on a surface contraction?
Also will this give the surface settlement due to the deflection of the tunnel lining (i.e based on tunnel material stiffness) only? Or is the effect of the installation/excavation within the tunnel also considered for the downward settlement/surface volume loss?