Primary benefit of integral abutments is to offer joint-less bridges to improve the durability of the structure. The most common integral abutment type is the pile bent abutment. The connectivity with the abutments causes the structure to move as a whole…

In general Frame Analysis method, cap is modeled as a beam and piles/stem walls are modeled as columns. In the “Cap as continuous beam” option, the cap is analyzed as a continuous beam. To mimic the continuous beam” analysis for the cap, the axial stiffness…